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Understanding pathology reports

Plain-language guides to the key indicators and markers in biopsy and surgery reports.

Staging describes where the cancer is, if it has spread, and how much it affects other parts.

  • T (Tumor) refers to the size and extent of the primary tumor.
  • N (Node) describes if cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes.
  • M (Metastasis) shows if the cancer has spread to distant organs.
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